Memory Management Strategies

ITCS 343 Opera-ng System Principles Memory Management Strategies Virtualizing Resources †¢? Physical Reality: Di? erent Processes/Threads share a similar equipment â€? Need to mul-plex CPU (Just ?nished: planning) â€? Need to mul-plex utilization of Memory (Today) â€? Need to mul-plex plate and gadgets (later in term) â€? The total working condition of a procedure as well as portion is de? ned by its information in memory (and registers) â€? Thusly, can't simply let di? erent strings of control utilize a similar memory â€? Presumably don’t need di? erent strings to try and approach each other’s memory (protec-on) †¢?Physics: two di? erent bits of information can't possess the equivalent loca-ons in memory †¢? Why stress over memory sharing? Memory Hierarchy of a Modern Computer System †¢? Exploit the standard of territory to: â€? Present as much memory as in the least expensive innovation â€? Give access at speed o? ered by th e quickest innovation Processor Control Second Level Cache (SRAM) Main Memory (DRAM) Secondary Storage (Disk) Tertiary Storage (Tape) On-Chip Cache Registers 1s 100s Datapath Speed (ns): Size (bytes): 10s- ­? 100s Ks- ­? Ms 100s Ms 10,000,000s 10,000,000,000s (10s ms) (10s sec) Gs Ts Background ? Program must be brought (from plate) into memory and set inside a procedure for it to be run †¢? CPU can get to legitimately to registers and principle memory â€? Register access in one CPU clock (or less) â€? Principle memory can take numerous cycles †¢? Store sits between principle memory and CPU registers -  ­? to lessen CPU inactive .me and make the accessible information quicker to get to. †¢? Protec-on of memory guarantees right show on â€? to secure the show. ng framework from access by client forms and, â€? to shield client forms from each other. â€? One straightforward implementa. on is through base and cutoff registers Mulâ€â ­? stepProcessi ng of a Program for Execu-on †¢? Prepara-on of a program for execu-on includes segments at: †¢? Addresses can be bound to ?nal values anyplace in this way †¢? Dynamic Libraries â€? Arrange - me (I. e. â€Å"gcc†) â€? Connection/Load - me (unix â€Å"ld† does interface) â€? Execu-on - me (e. g. dynamic libs) â€? Relies upon equipment support â€? Likewise relies upon drama ng framework â€? Connecting delayed un-l execu-on â€? Little bit of code, stub, used to find the proper memory- ­? occupant library rou-ne â€? Stub replaces itself with the location of the rou-ne, and executes rou-ne Mulâ€â ­? step Processing of a Program or Execu-on †¢? Client programs experience a few stages before having the option to run. †¢? This mulâ€â ­? step preparing of the program summons †¢? The proper u-lity (the square shape) †¢? Creates the necessary module at each progression (the circle) †¢? Essentially, it is abo ut tie †address mapping. Authoritative of Instruc9ons and Data to Memory †¢? Address authoritative of instruc-ons and information to memory locations can occur at three di? erent stages â€? Gather 9me: If memory loca-on known from the earlier, outright code can be produced; must recompile code if star-ng loca-on changes â€? Burden 9me: Must produce relocatable tribute if memory loca-on isn't known at arrange - me â€? Execu9on 9me: Binding deferred un-l run - me if the procedure can be moved during its execu-on starting with one memory portion then onto the next. Need equipment support for address maps (e. g. , base and cutoff registers) †¢? Controlled cover: †¢? Address Type: â€? Separate condition of strings ought not crash in physical memory. Clearly, sudden cover causes disorder! â€? On the other hand, might want the capacity to cover when wanted (for communica-on) â€? A physical (outright) address is a physical loca-on in fundamental memory. â€? A consistent (virtual) address is an eference to a memory loca-on that is autonomous of the physical organiza-on of memory. â€? All memory references in client process are consistent locations. â€? A rela-ve address is a case of consistent location where the location is communicated as a loca-on rela-ve to some known point in the program (ex: the starting location). †¢? Transla-on: †¢? Protec-on: â€? Capacity to decipher gets to from one location space (virtual) to a di? erent one (physical) â€? When transla-on exists, processor utilizes virtual locations, physical memory utilizes physical locations â€? Side e? ects: Can be utilized to keep away from overlap,Can be utilized to give uniform perspective on memory to programs â€? Forestall access to private memory of different procedures †¢? Di? erent pages of memory can be given uncommon conduct (Read Only, Invisible to client programs, and so forth). †¢? Portion information shielded from User programs †¢? Projects shielded from themselves Base and Limit Registers †¢? Each procedure has a different memory space (coherent/client address space). †¢? A couple of base and cutoff registers de? ne the intelligent location space â€? base register holds the littlest lawful physical location â€? limit register speci? es the size of the scope of a procedure †¢? Could se base/limit for dynamic location transla9on (oBen called â€Å"segmenta9on†): â€? Adjust address of each heap/store by including â€Å"base† â€? Client permitted to peruse/compose inside portion  »? Gets to are rela9ve to section so don’t must be moved when program moved to di? erent section â€? Client may have mul9ple fragments accessible (e. g x86)  »? Loads and stores incorporate fragment ID in opcode: x86 Example: mov [es:bx],ax.  »? Opera9ng framework moves around fragment base pointers as important Mul-programming †¢? Issue: Run mul-ple app lica-ons so that they are shielded from each other †¢? Objectives: â€?Isolate procedures and piece from each other â€? Permit ?exible transla-on that: †¢? Doesn’t lead to fragmenta-on †¢? Permits simple sharing between forms †¢? Permits just piece of procedure to be occupant in physical memory †¢? (A portion of the required) Hardware Mechanisms: â€? General Address Transla-on â€? Double Mode Opera-on †¢? Adaptable: Can ?t physical lumps of memory into self-assertive places in clients address space †¢? Not constrained to modest number of portions †¢? Think about this as giving an enormous number (a large number of) ?xed- ­? measured fragments (called â€Å"pages†) †¢? Protec-on base including piece/client dis-nc-on

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Essay

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) and Blood weeding Film (Carlos Saura) - Essay Example Concerning Leonardo as the dim waterway shows respect and life-passing as the association is genuinely clear when the Bride alludes to the lethal power of the dim stream as opposed to the â€Å"little bit of water. The â€Å"little bit of water represents the Bridegroom from which she sought after kids. Imagery that in the film, the orange blooms that the lady of the hour wore were phony and waxy which represented the phony society wherein she lived. In the film the lady of the hour wears the phony orange blooms to her wedding as it represents her adjustment to the general public in right around a taunting way.â This goes along with the dark dress she wears for the wedding, as though representing her misery and bitterness at proceeding with the weddingâ when she truly cherishes Leonardo. The verses motivation of the play comes full circle in the film, where the subjects of respect and energy are caught up in the topic of death that which incomprehensibly is life. The play of twofold viewpoint of death that are recommended in the double sign as death is supposed to be an Old Woman requesting for an outside of bread. In another picture Death is supposed to be white confronted and the moon aching forever and looking for in the demise of the men is represented by a heart, the peak of the fire, and red blood for his cheeks. The service of setting up the Bride in the congregation and the celebrations going before the passage of the Bride and Groom in to the marriage chamber. The two verses utilize the recognizable image of a bloom, branch, and stream and both make obvious another string of image that is to get unmistakable as the subjects of pride and energy push toward their definitive goals in the topic of death. The image of fire is upgraded as it is connected with respect also energy and passing. The pony in the Lullaby is to be related to Leonardo’s pony and his injuries with the destiny of Leonardo is shown by the activity going with the tune.

Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse

Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse Depression Treatment Medication Print Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Rob Julia Campbell/Stocksy United While antidepressants are quite effective at relieving depression,?? it is possible that some patientsâ€"in particular, young peopleâ€"may temporarily feel worse when they first begin taking an antidepressant or when they make changes in their dosage. Black Box Warning In October 2004, the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) issued what is known as a black-box warning?? stating that certain antidepressants, when used in young people 24 years old and under, could increase their risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, the FDA noted that there was no association found between antidepressant use and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adults over the age of 24. In addition, antidepressants actually appeared to reduce the risk in adults aged 65 and older. This black box warning,?? which is the most serious type of warning that can be issued regarding a prescription medication, was ordered following a thorough review of all available clinical trials, including unpublished ones, regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents. The study?? included a total of 24 short-term trials of nine different antidepressants used in over 4,400 child and adolescent patients. In addition, there were 295 short-term trials of 11 different antidepressants involving 77,000 adult patients. While the risk of suicidality varied between drugs, the pattern of seeing increased suicidality in young people remained true for almost all drugs studied. It should be noted that no suicides actually occurred among the young people studied. Although there were some suicides among the adults studied, the numbers were too few for any conclusions to be drawn about whether the antidepressants used were a causal factor. It must be borne in mind that depression is also a known risk factor for suicide and cannot be ruled out in these cases. The black box warning further suggests that patients of all ages should be monitored closely when they begin treatment with an antidepressant. They should be watched for any signs of worsening depression, increased suicidality, or changes in behavior. In addition, families and other caregivers should be instructed to contact the patients physician or another appropriate medical professional in the event that any problems occur. What to Watch For In particular, the FDA recommends that a healthcare provider be contacted if youâ€"or a person who you are caring forâ€"experience any of the following:?? Thoughts of suicide or deathSuicide attemptsNew or worsening depressionNew or worsening anxietyNew or worsening irritabilityFeelings of agitation or restlessnessPanic attacksProblems with sleepingAggression, anger or violenceImpulsivenessExtreme increases in activity or talking (signs of mania)Any other unusual changes in mood or behavior While a black box warning might cause some to feel concerned, they should be aware that the benefits to be obtained from treating depression with an antidepressant greatly outweigh the risks in the majority of cases. Untreated depression is quite serious and is much more likely to lead to suicide than is an antidepressant. The warning is simply provided so that people can be aware of this potential effect and take appropriate measures to get help if they do begin to feel worse.

Definition of Stump Speech

Stump speech is a term used today to describe a candidates standard speech, delivered day after day during a typical political campaign. But in the 19th century, the phrase held a much more colorful meaning. The  phrase became firmly established in the early decades of the 1800s, and stump speeches got their name for a good reason: they would often be delivered by candidates who literally stood atop a tree stump. Stump speeches caught on along the American frontier, and there are numerous examples where politicians were said to be stumping for themselves or for other candidates. A reference book in the 1840s defined the terms to stump and stump speech. And by the 1850s newspaper articles from around the United States often referred to a candidate taking to the stump. The ability to give an effective stump speech was considered an essential political skill. And notable 19th-century politicians, including Henry Clay, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen Douglas, were respected for their skills as stump speakers. Vintage Definition of Stump Speech The tradition of stump speeches became so well-established that A Dictionary of Americanisms, a reference book published in 1848, defined the term To stump: To Stump. To stump it or take the stump. A phrase signifying to make electioneering speeches. The 1848 dictionary also mentioned to stump it was a phrase borrowed from the backwoods, as it referred to speaking from atop a tree stump. The idea of linking stump speeches to the backwoods seems obvious, as the use of a tree stump as an improvised stage would naturally refer to a location where land was still being cleared. And the idea that stump speeches were essentially a rural event led to candidates in cities sometimes using the term in a mocking manner. The Style of 19th Century Stump Speeches Refined politicians in the cities may have looked down on stump speeches. But out in the countryside, and especially along the frontier, stump speeches appreciated for their rough and rustic character. They were free-wheeling performances that were different in content and tone from the more polite and sophisticated political discourse heard in the cities. At times the speech-making would be an all-day affair, complete with food and barrels of beer. The rollicking stump speeches of the early 1800s would typically contain boasts, jokes, or insults directed at opponents. A Dictionary of Americanisms quoted a memoir of the frontier published in 1843: Some very good stump speeches are delivered from a table, a chair, a whiskey barrel, and the like. Sometimes we make the best stump speeches on horseback. John Reynolds, who served as governor of Illinois in the 1830s, wrote a memoir in which he fondly recalled giving stump speeches in the late 1820s. Reynolds described the political ritual: Addresses known as stump-speeches received their name, and much of their celebrity, in Kentucky, where that mode of electioneering was carried to great perfection by the great orators of that state. A large tree is cut down in the forest, so that the shade may be enjoyed, and the stump is cut smooth on the top for the speaker to stand on. Sometimes, I have seen steps cut in them for the convenience of mounting them. Sometimes seats are prepared, but more frequently the audience enjoys the luxury of the green grass to sit and lie on. A book on the Lincoln-Douglas Debates published nearly a century ago recalled the heyday of stump speaking on the frontier, and how it was viewed as something of a sport, with opposing speakers engaging in spirited competition: A good stump speaker could always attract a crowd, and a wit combat between two speakers representing opposite parties was a real holiday of sport. It is true that the jokes and counterstrokes were often feeble attempts, and not very far removed from vulgarity; but the stronger the blows the better they were liked, and the more personal, the more enjoyable they were. Abraham Lincoln Possessed Skills as a Stump Speaker Before he faced Abraham Lincoln in the legendary 1858 contest for a U.S. Senate seat, Stephen Douglas expressed concern about Lincolns reputation. As Douglas put it: I shall have my hands full. He is the strong man of the party — full of wit, facts, dates — and the best stump speaker, with his droll ways and dry jokes, in the West. Lincolns reputation had been earned early. A classic story about Lincoln described an incident the occurred on the stump when he was 27 years old and still living in New Salem, Illinois. Riding into Springfield, Illinois, to give a stump speech on behalf of the Whig Party in the 1836 elections, Lincoln heard about a local politician, George Forquer, who had switched from Whig to Democrat. Forquer had been generously rewarded, as part of the Spoils System of the Jackson administration, with a lucrative government job. Forquer had built an impressive new house, the first house in Springfield to have a lightning rod. That afternoon Lincoln delivered his speech for the Whigs, and then Forquer stood to speak for the Democrats. He attacked Lincoln, making sarcastic remarks about Lincolns youth. Given the chance to respond, Lincoln said: I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trades of a politician. But, live long or die young, I would rather die now, than, like the gentleman, — at this point Lincoln pointed at Forquer — change my politics, and with the change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year. And then feel obliged to erect a lightning rod over my house to protect a guilty conscience from an offended God. From that day forward Lincoln was respected as a devastating stump speaker.

Effects Of Piracy On The Motion Picture Industry - 880 Words

From the moment consumers were able to use the internet to get music, software, and movies, piracy has had serious financial implications on the motion picture industry. Copyright protection presents some difficulty in illegally obtaining movies but there are many avenues around most of these systems. The RIAA, or Recording Industry Association of America, has tried several legal ploys to prevent people from accessing this material but many consumers continue to access it with little concern. Much like the music industry, which was challenged to reinvent its distribution model, the movie industry has to do the same thing. To counter the amount of piracy the movie studios must develop new systems for content delivery including streaming new release movies at home. First, the current system of forcing consumers to go to a movie theater is no longer desirable for many. Entertainment seekers can now get almost instantaneous access to desired content whether it’s music or movi es via streaming services like Netflix. These services exist due to the demand for them and to satiate the desire for content when and where the customer wants it. While my generation patiently grew up waiting for Thursday night for The Cosby Show the current generation is not oriented around content on a television or at a specific date and time. As this younger generation becomes paying customers their desires will have to be considered with all delivery based decisions. To decrease the desireShow MoreRelated Peer to Peer Piracy and the Film Industry Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesPeer Piracy and the Film Industry Introduction Each day an estimated 400,000 films exchange hands through the Internet. Movie piracy, once reserved to pirate syndicates and illegal duplication factories, has become a common staple among college students with high-speed internet access. 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Vietnam A Lower Middle Income Country Of The East Asia ...

Vietnam is considered to be a lower middle income country in the East Asia Pacific region. As of February of 2016, Vietnam has a population of 94.08 and is 1.27% of the total world population. Vietnam’s economy has been growing since 1990 through free trade and programs to develop the economy. The country is transitioning from a developing, agrarian economy to one more urban and industrialized. The country hopes to expand their contributions to the global marketplace from low cost labor and agricultural products to more innovative and higher valued products and services. In 2015, exports were 89.8% of the country’s GDP, while imports were 89% of GDP (WorldBank). To compare, exports were just 36% of GDP and imports were 45.3% in 1990. The currency of Vietnam is the Vietnamese Dong. Currently, one U.S dollar is equal to 22, 291.57 Vietnamese Dongs, or 1 Vietnamese Dong is equal to 0.000045 of a U.S Dollar. 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Comparing the Spanish and English Colonies in the New World Territories of the 17th Century Essay Example For Students

Comparing the Spanish and English Colonies in the New World Territories of the 17th Century Essay The Spanish settlements in the American Southwest and the English colonies in New England of the seventeenth century can be contrasted in primarily two ways. First, their politics were based on entirely different ruling classes and systems of government. Second, they employed different avenues of economic development. The Spanish settlements began with Cortes and others conquering the Native Americans of South, Central, and parts of Southwestern North America. After eradicating a large portion of the Native American population, the Spanish began to intermarry into the Native American gene pool. Consequently, only portions of the population were pureblooded Spaniards. These Spaniards occupied the highest social and political status. Those from Spain were one step above those born in the New World while those of mixed or Indian heritage were at the bottom of the social ladder. Additionally, because the Spanish came as conquerors, the resulting political system was entirely autocratic and solely devoted to the furthering of the motherland. Immediately after conquering the Native Americans, the Spanish looted large amounts of gold, silver, and other valuables. This tradition continued into the seventeenth century as Spanish ships would come annually to bring gold and other valuables back to Spain. In this way, Spain viewed Spanish America as an object useful only for its mercantilist objectives. Since mercantilism was its only objective, Spain gave its colonies little self-rule. Instead, Spanish rulers dictated all the policies of its New World territories. The English, on the other hand, settled relatively peacefully into the Eastern Seaboard of North America. Englishmen migrated to the New World not as conquerors but rather because they wanted independence, political freedom, and economic opportunity. Combined with Englands tradition of partial representation, the English Colonies had a large degree of self-government. The colonies all had some form of a representative assembly that was voted in by popular support. While only white male landowners could vote, this still constituted some degree of democracy. In some colonies, even the governors were decided by popular vote. Also, many of the British colonies, such as Virginia, were established by joint stock companies or established as proprietary colonies, such as Pennsylvania. Even royal colonies were often simply colonies given a royal charter but still established by a group of people not directly affiliated